Armand Garnet Ruffo was born in the small northern town of Chapleau, Ontario and
currently resides in Ottawa, where he teaches Native literature and creative writing at Carleton
University. He has previously taught creative writing at both the Banff Centre for the Arts and the
En'owkin International School of Writing in Penticton, British Columbia.
Amatoritsero Ede: Naming in certain cultures – especially traditional cultures are important and significant. Can you tell us about your name? It is interesting that you have not anglicised your name as many first nation people do.
Armand Garnet Ruffo: The name I use publicly is from my father’s European side of the
family. It’s the name that I grew up with at school. I also have an Ojibway name that was given to me
by my grandmother when I was quite young. Roughly translated it means Turning Sky, which is a family
tradition as my great, great grandfather’s name was Sahquakegick which means Opening In the Sky. I
don’t use my Ojibway name publicly because I don’t write in Ojibway, and I think it would appear
somewhat pretentious unless I were using Anishinabemowin.
A.E.: Geronimo’s Grave is a series of long inter-connected poems on the historical
figure of Geronimo. What inspired you to write this long memorial Ode?
A.G. R.: I was attending a writer’s conference in Oklahoma in the early nineties, and
I rented a car to do some sightseeing. I drove to Muskogee to see the museum of “The Five Civilized
Tribes – a name I’ve always though odd – and then went over to see the great salt flats.
Somehow I ended up at Fort Sill where Geronimo was held prisoner for life. I didn’t specifically
intend to visit the fort, but since I was there I decided to take it in. It’s now a museum. I was
immediately entranced. Later I went over to his gravesite and that’s when I saw the fresh cut roses
that someone had recently left him. I was very moved. It occurred to me that everything he stood for was
still very much alive some one hundred years later. He hadn’t been forgotten. Back in Canada I thought
that I would write a poem in his honour. One poem led to another and as I got deeper into his life I
realized that I was also writing about my own. Hence the reason the book moves in both historical to the
contemporary landscapes.
A.E.: Could you tell us a bit of the history behind the person of Geronimo?
A.G.R.: Interestingly, when I read from the book in the States somebody always seems to
have a story to tell me. The last time was in Arkansas of all places. An older woman came up after the
reading and complimented the book and then told me that she was a relative of Geronimo. She then proceeded
to tell me a story that I wished I had known. There are many, many stories about him. So who was he? Man or
myth or both. A leader, a warrior, a husband, a father, a young man, an old man, a free man, a prisoner for
life. Like the books say: “it is the land that will have the last word.”
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The whales leap, the sport of giants.
Flippers, huge tails smacking water,
joyful, cutting across the bay.
The play on the title of Joseph Brodsky’s essay, “Footnote to a Poem”, is deliberate.
December 15, 2008
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December 15, 2008
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